Special Article MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH CLINICAL STAGE I NONSEMINOMATOUS TESTICULAR GERM CELL TUMOURS: ACTIVE SURVEILLANCE VERSUS PRIMARY CHEMOTHERAPY VERSUS NERVE SPARING RETROPERITONEAL LYMPHADENECTOMY
نویسندگان
چکیده
CS I is defined negative or declining tumour markers to their half-life following orchidectomy and negative imaging studies of the chest, abdomen and retroperitoneum. Low risk CS I NSGCT are defined by the absence of vascular invasion, low percentage of embryonal carcinoma (ECA) and low proliferating Ki-67 index. High risk CS I NSGCT are defined by the presence of VI, high percentage of ECA and a high Ki-67 index. Arch. Esp. Urol. 2012; 65 (2): 215-226
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